Earlier studies reported that children from low SES performed worse on cognitive control tasks compared to their high SES counterparts. In the current study, as all participants were college students and had no working experience, we adopted their parents’ education level as scores for SES. Distinct neural correlates for two types of inhibition in bilinguals: response inhibition versus interference suppression. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2012.657656, Miyake, A., and Friedman, N. P. (2012). From understanding how cognitive processes change over the course of child development to looking at how the brain transforms sensory inputs into perceptions, cognitive psychology has helped us gain a deeper and richer understanding of the many mental events that contribute to our daily existence and overall well-being. Firstly, we used a subjective self-rating language proficiency Likert scale (1–10) to measure participants’ L1 and L2 proficiency, which is widely used in bilingual research and is significantly correlated with objective measures of language proficiency (Marian et al., 2007). Cognitive control in Russian-German bilinguals. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1999.0734. In experiment one, three groups (66 participants) were compared: English monolinguals, English-Spanish bilinguals, and multilinguals. in-8 109 pp. The effects of bilingualism on conflict monitoring, cognitive control, and garden-path recovery. These results showed that there were no significant group differences across the groups in the performance of WCST task, which showed that they did not differ in cognitive control on the ability of mental set shifting. In addition, most previous studies investigated cognitive differences between bilinguals and monolinguals. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.04.014, Prior, A., and Gollan, T. H. (2011). Although research has investigated the role of metacognition, particularly the impact of cognitive models, in first language (L1) and second language (L2) reading performance, to date there has been little research in writing—L1 or L2—about the role of metacognition generally or the impact of cognitive models on task performance more specifically. The current study reports on the role of cognitive models in L1 and L2 writing. 41, 1579–1586. Cognition: Ensemble des processusmentaux qui se rapportent à la fonctionde connaissance. 41, 49–100. For example, some studies report that language switching experience, rather than L2 proficiency, is the determinant of bilingual advantage in cognitive control related to interference resolution or monitoring (Becker et al., 2016; Verreyt et al., 2016), or mental set shifting (Dong and Xie, 2014; Dong and Liu, 2016). Le psychologue cognitiviste va : 1. doi: 10.1017/S1366728907003227, Mishra, R. K. (2014). Good language-switchers are good task-switchers: evidence from Spanish-English and Mandarin-English bilinguals. CM 3 de psychologie cognitive S1 L2 programme complet. Analysis reveals that L1 basic and L2 writers hold different cognitive models and perform differently on writing tasks, suggesting that cognitive models have important implications for writing task performance. Mental set shifting is the executive function of shifting back and forth between multiple tasks, operations, or mental sets (Monsell, 1996). However, there were no group differences on inhibition (different RTs between incongruent and congruent conditions) (p = 0.653), and there were no group and condition interactions (F < 1). Is there a bilingual advantage in the ANT task? They were distinctive in at least two ways. Cortex 69, 265–278. doi: 10.1017/S1366728914000455, Mishra, R. K., Hilchey, M. D., Singh, N., and Klein, R. M. (2012). A., Craik, F. I., Grady, C., and Bialystok, E. (2010). Meanwhile, there were 128 response cards, of which each was a combination of the three dimensions. In previous research, however, some studies showed that bilinguals performed better than monolinguals in the aspect of switching in a similar Dimensional Card Sorting Task (i.e., Bialystok, 1999; Bialystok and Martin, 2004; Carlson and Meltzoff, 2008). However, there are also studies that reported null effect of language proficiency (i.e., Dong and Xie, 2014; Becker et al., 2016; Rosselli et al., 2016). Our results provide evidence that bilingual advantage on cognitive control has been observed among young adult unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals, but only on the aspect of conflict monitoring (not inhibition or mental set shifting). Some studies suggest that women are generally superior to men in performing cognitive control task, and that men and women have different neural activations during task performance (i.e., Koch et al., 2007; Li et al., 2009). This book focuses on the effects of L1 cognitive resources on L2 reading e.g. doi: 10.1017/S1355617711000580, Prior, A., and MacWhinney, B. Recent studies adopted different tasks that were described as requiring conflict monitoring and consistently showed bilingual advantage in conflict monitoring (i.e., Morales et al., 2015; Teubner-Rhodes et al., 2016). (2009) see this speed advantage as the impact of bilingualism on the monitoring process. 25, 515–530. A., Castillo, A., Fuentes, L. J., et al. The influence of language-switching experience on the bilingual executive control advantage. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. A comparison of active and reactive inhibition mechanisms. One completed category indicated that the participant completed at least 5 consecutive trials correctly. A reduced conflict effect indicates an advantage of inhibition in cognitive control. Luk, G., Anderson, J. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. In Dong and Xie (2014), the influence of the language switching experience and L2 proficiency on cognitive control was examined through a Flanker task and a mental set shifting test [Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)] among four groups of young adult unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals (154 participants, mean age = 21.58). However, there are some differences between the two studies. (1977). Neuroimage 134, 250–260. Future research is encouraged to explore how language use contexts may affect bilingual advantage in different ways. Psychol. Learn. Copyright © 1993 Published by Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/1060-3743(93)90019-Y. (2016). It was not necessary or culturally acceptable to use it in daily communication. Dong and Xie (2014) argued that the null effect of L2 proficiency in the Flanker task may lie in the fact that it is difficult to define how much language proficiency is needed before a cognitive control advantage shows up in behavioral measures. If we understand how differences in bilinguals affect the abilities of cognitive control across different bilingual groups, we can better understand the nature of bilingual advantage. 70, 636–644. Verbal and nonverbal cognitive control in bilinguals and interpreters. Cognition 150, 213–231. ANOVA analyses revealed that group differences in all three conditions of the Flanker task were significant or marginally significant: congruent condition, F(2,91) = 3.186, p = 0.046; neutral condition, F(2,91) = 3.035, p = 0.053; incongruent condition, F(2,91) = 2.571, p = 0.082. The difference between their study and the current study lies in the fact that their study compared the differences between young adult monolinguals and bilinguals whereas the current study compared different bilingual groups, who differed in L2 proficiency. 0 … Dev. Psychon. This result actually echoes the idea claimed by Green (2011) that bilingual advantage is related closely to the bilingual language use ecology, which means the community context where bilingual speakers typically use their two languages may modulate cognitive control (Green, 2011; Green and Abutalebi, 2013). Colloque de Psychologie Cognitive SP09 . doi: 10.1017/S1366728914000522, Vega-Mendoza, M., West, H., Sorace, A., and Bak, T. H. (2015). Executive control of language in the bilingual brain: integrating the evidence from neuroimaging to neuropsychology. As discussed in the introduction, previous studies have shown that language proficiency contributes significantly to cognitive control in different aspects among young adult bilinguals, including suppression (Khare et al., 2012), inhibition (Colzato et al., 2008), disengagement of attention (Mishra et al., 2012), a shift of reaction time distributions (Iluz-Cohen and Armon-Lotem, 2013), and selective attention (Vega-Mendoza et al., 2015). Implications for the plasticity of executive control processes. Therefore, the comparison of cognitive control differences between female and male bilinguals will certainly add more insights to the study of bilingual advantage in future research. (2013). (2010). 31, 328–330. doi: 10.1177/0963721411429458, Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., and Wager, T. D. (2000). These results are further evidence that bilingualism is related to cognitive control. Smaller overall RTs may reflect the advantage on attentional process, the monitoring process, which is necessary to effectively implement conflict resolution when needed (Bialystok, 2006; Martin-Rhee and Bialystok, 2008; Costa et al., 2009; Paap and Greenberg, 2013). ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: evidence from the Simon task. Previous studies on bilingual advantage were largely based on the framework of the “inhibitory control” hypothesis proposed by Green (1998). Greenhouse-Gesser results of within-subject effects showed that there was a significant effect of condition, F(1.959,178.243) = 91.282, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.501. They assessed three aspects of attention (sustained, selective and attentional switching), verbal fluency (letter and category), and L2 proficiency (by picture name verification task). Hadjikhani N, Hog e R, Snyde r J, de Gelder B. Poin ting with the eyes: the role of gaze in communicating dange r. Bra in and . Learning strategies are special ways of processing information that enhance comprehension, learning or retention of information. doi: 10.3758/s13423-011-0116-7, Iluz-Cohen, P., and Armon-Lotem, S. (2013). Broché. Cogn. Bilingualism and cognition. Welcome to the accredited Elite Master Program in Neuro-Cognitive Psychology at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich! Following the design in Dong and Xie (2014), the task was computerized and programmed by E-prime 2.0. As all the participants were young adult Chinese native speakers, and they used Chinese as the only language in their daily life for communication, their L1—Chinese was considered homogenous (although there might be variations) so we did not test their L1 verbal fluency. Gender differences in cognitive control: an extended investigation of the stop signal task. Another point to mention is that the current study is a study with only female participants. Aging 19, 290–303. L'auteure étudie dans quelle mesure ces principes peuvent non seulement enrichir le contenu des cours de L2 au niveau universitaire mais aussi encourager la création de cours de m6thodologie pour faciliter ! Parental education level was based on a scale 1–7 (1-limited literacy, 2-primary school, 3-middle school, 4-high school, 5- bachelor’s degree, 6-master’s degree, 7-doctor’s degree). 34, 302–312. Bilingualism 11, 81–93. Can. The effect of lifelong bilingualism on regional grey and white matter volume. Mem. 65, 1502–1510. Specifically, L2 proficiency was significantly related to conflict monitoring but not inhibition or mental set shifting in cognitive control. Bilingual minds. In the Flanker Task, we compared two indices across the three groups to examine the differences of their cognitive control performance. L2 STAPS - Psychologie Cognitive. The results showed that both the L1 and the L2 public speaking groups performed faster than the monolingual group and the control bilingual group. However, few experiments reported bilingual advantage in inhibition, and even if there is advantage, it is more markedly pronounced in middle-aged and elderly bilingual groups (Hilchey and Klein, 2011). Couverture salie avec des pliures. 2:309. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00309, Keywords: L2 proficiency, cognitive control, unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals, bilingual advantage, conflict monitoring, Citation: Xie Z (2018) The Influence of Second Language (L2) Proficiency on Cognitive Control Among Young Adult Unbalanced Chinese-English Bilinguals. Secondly, when participants completed the practice block with an accuracy rate above 80% (which is to guarantee that participants pay full attention to the task), they would go into the formal experimental block with 108 trials. Hear. Etes-vous prêt pour assurer la mention ? (2015) see these inconsistencies as evidence of no bilingual advantage, but Bialystok (2016) points out that null evidence does not mean negative evidence, and that the “haze” in bilingual advantage research is not caused by the inconsistencies but by the subject matter. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. 11, 282–298. There were no group differences across the three groups in the WCST, which was primarily intended to measure mental set shifting. 3, 262–276. 34, 859–873. Results showed that in all the three conditions, the highest L2 proficiency group performed faster than the lowest L2 proficiency group (p = 0.014, p = 0.016, p = 0.026 for congruent, neutral and incongruent condition, respectively), but not the middle L2 proficiency group (ps > 0.171), and the middle L2 proficiency group did not differ from the lowest L2 proficiency group in all conditions (ps > 0.205) (but the middle L2 proficiency group had a tendency of faster performance than the lowest L2 proficiency group, and the same trend for the highest L2 versus the middle L2). The current study followed the design by Dong and Xie (2014). How hazy views become full pictures. Psychol. The balanced switching bilinguals outperformed both other groups whereas the unbalanced group and the balanced non-switching group did not differ. In each trial, a fixation of “+” was presented for 250 ms. After that, one of the three conditions of stimulus would appear randomly for 2000 ms. A new trial would appear if participants pushed the button or 2000 ms expired. Bilingualism 20, 55–68. (2008). Subjects' writing samples were evaluated holistically; further evaluation determined compositional and grammatical proficiency. Participants responded more quickly in neutral condition (534.95 ms) than in incongruent condition (575.66 ms), F(1,91) = 100.891, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.526. Captation vidéo de la conférence de Natacha DUROISIN « Et le cerveau dans tout ça ? The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.09.004, Marian, V., Blumenfeld, H. K., and Kaushanskaya, M. (2007). Different category errors indicate that participants realize that the previous rule is no longer correct but the attempt to infer a new rule is not successful. Bialystok (2017) thinks that bilingual advantage may be better explained in “attentional control” framework rather than “inhibitory control” model. (2011). For example, in Rosselli et al. Cogn. Brain Res. Sci. About this Item: Cahiers de psychologie cognitive, Marseille, 1982. Some studies argued that intelligence may be a significant factor affecting cognitive control (Valian, 2014; Rosselli et al., 2016). INTRODUCTION. Neuropsychologia 45, 2744–2754. Secondly, the current study focuses on the young adults because their cognitive development is mature, not on children whose cognitive control is still developing or on older adults whose cognitive control is declining. Table 1 lists the details of the participants’ demographic characteristics across the three groups. 26, 506–519. Mem. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. To conclude our discussion, the current study shows that L2 proficiency significantly influences conflict monitoring (measured by response times), but not inhibition or mental set shifting. Psychol. Acta Psychol. Psychol., 27 March 2018 After pressing the button, participants would receive feedback of “correct” or “incorrect” for 1000 ms. After a few trials (from 5 to 9), the implied sorting rule would change (but participants did not know). Front. Moreover, the current study did not provide evidence for bilingual advantage in mental set shifting either. 143, 233–262. London: H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd. Rosselli, M., Ardila, A., Lalwani, L. N., and VÉLez-Uribe, I. For example, in Xie and Dong (2017), through the same Flanker task, a group of L2 public speaking young adult Chinese-English bilinguals was compared to a group of monolinguals, a group of L1 public speaking Chinese-English bilinguals, and a group of L2 proficiency-matched (with L2 speaking group) Chinese-English bilinguals. How specific is the relation between executive function and theory of mind? J. Exp. Language control in bilinguals: the adaptive control hypothesis. The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: four general conclusions. The lowest L2 group got 44.25% of the total score, the middle L2 group got 56.88% of the total score, and the highest L2 group got 69.85% of the total score. It is suggested that mental set shifting is one of the core cognitive control abilities for healthy individuals, and there are obvious defects among those who have brain damage (Miyake et al., 2000; Yudes et al., 2011). The category verbal fluency test was an objective indicator of vocabulary size in the tested language (Bialystok et al., 2009). The results showed that there were no significant group differences in all the indexes. 77, 728–737. Psychol. Soc. The implications of cognitive models in L1 and L2 writing. Ä°ngilizce Türkçe online sözlük Tureng. Rev. Bilingualism 18, 39–40. Bull. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.11.018, Yudes, C., Macizo, P., and Bajo, T. (2011). 20, 242–275. Seller Inventory # 23418 128, 416–430. When language proficiency improves, will cognitive control change too? The target chevron (in red ink) was flanked by three types of symbols at each side: (1) chevrons (in black ink) that were in the same direction of the target symbol (congruent condition); (2) chevrons (in black ink) that were in the opposite direction of the target symbol (incongruent condition); (3) diamond symbols (in black ink) that did not have any shape similarity to the target red chevron (neutral condition). Cognition 106, 59–86. L2 STAPS - Psychologie Cognitive. J. Cogn. Sci. 141, 121–132. Three bilingual groups who differed in L2 proficiency were compared. The WCST was designed to measure different aspects of cognitive control, among which mental set shifting was the most primary. Socio-economic Status (SES) is considered another important factor contributing to cognitive control, especially among children, as the way of family interaction, income, or parental education may affect how children’s cognitive control is developed (Valian, 2014). doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.001, Costa, A., Hernandez, M., and Sebastian-Galles, N. (2008). To sum up, the influence of language proficiency on cognitive control varies under different situations. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.859, Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., Klein, R., and Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism 13, 253–262. Hilchey and Klein (2011) in a seminal review conclude that bilingual advantage in previous studies on inhibitory control is only “sporadic at best” and “absent conspicuously.”. The first dimension, knowledge of cognition, can be further divided into three types: personal, task, and strategy variables. The results suggest that different aspects of advantage may emerge at different stages of language acquisition when L2 proficiency improves, which indicates significant contribution of L2 proficiency to cognitive control enhancement. Toutes les informations de la Bibliotheque Nationale de France sur : Psychologie cognitive Langue : Français Nb de volumes : 1. Psychol. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.012, Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., Misra, M., and Guo, T. (2008). Classes in translating and interpreting produce differential gains in switching and updating. doi: 10.1080/23273798.2015.1074255, Bialystok, E. (2017). Front. Front. Neuropsychol. Mais également ce que cest avec de nombreux psychologues des expériences avec des rats de laboratoire des animaux pour mieux comprendre nos fonctionnements. The result that highest L2 proficiency group performed faster than the lowest L2 proficiency group in the Flanker task is consistent with some previous studies, which Hilchey and Klein (2011) summarized as bilingual advantage on both congruent and incongruent trials. Monsell, S. (1996). Language experience changes language and cognitive ability. Front. 17, 433–446. In the test, there were four stimulus cards. The three groups differed significantly at ps < 0.001 in ANOVA analysis. (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.12.002, Paap, K. R., Johnson, H. A., and Sawi, O. When the tail counts: the advantage of bilingualism through the ex-gaussian distribution analysis. cognitive psychology bilişsel psikoloji cognitive psychology ne demek. For example, if the response card is “one green cross” and the implied rule is color, then the correct response would be pressing the designated button corresponding to the stimulus card “two green stars”. Psychophys. Front. J. Exp. Projet de loi de programmation pluriannuelle de la recherche (LPPR) Suite à l'annonce le 1er février par le Premier Ministre d'une loi de programmation pluriannuelle de la recherche, un collectif de 23 sociétés savantes couvrant la majorité des grands champs disciplinaires a lancé une consultation sur les attentes de la communauté académique vis-à-vis de cette loi.